T1091: Replication Through Removable Media

Description

Adversaries may move onto systems, possibly those on disconnected or air-gapped networks, by copying malware to removable media and taking advantage of Autorun features when the media is inserted into a system and executes. In the case of Lateral Movement, this may occur through modification of executable files stored on removable media or by copying malware and renaming it to look like a legitimate file to trick users into executing it on a separate system. In the case of Initial Access, this may occur through manual manipulation of the media, modification of systems used to initially format the media, or modification to the media's firmware itself.

Mobile devices may also be used to infect PCs with malware if connected via USB.(Citation: Exploiting Smartphone USB ) This infection may be achieved using devices (Android, iOS, etc.) and, in some instances, USB charging cables.(Citation: Windows Malware Infecting Android)(Citation: iPhone Charging Cable Hack) For example, when a smartphone is connected to a system, it may appear to be mounted similar to a USB-connected disk drive. If malware that is compatible with the connected system is on the mobile device, the malware could infect the machine (especially if Autorun features are enabled).

Platforms

Mitigations (3)

Threat Groups (8)

ID	Group	Context
G0047	Gamaredon Group	[Gamaredon Group](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0047) has replicated to removable media by leveraging the User Assist Reg Key and creating LNKs on ...
G0046	FIN7	[FIN7](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0046) actors have mailed USB drives to potential victims containing malware that downloads and installs variou...
G0129	Mustang Panda	[Mustang Panda](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0129) has used a customized [PlugX](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0013) variant which could spre...
G0081	Tropic Trooper	[Tropic Trooper](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0081) has attempted to transfer [USBferry](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0452) from an infected...
G1007	Aoqin Dragon	[Aoqin Dragon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1007) has used a dropper that employs a worm infection strategy using a removable device to breach a s...
G0012	Darkhotel	[Darkhotel](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0012)'s selective infector modifies executables stored on removable media as a method of spreading across...
G1014	LuminousMoth	[LuminousMoth](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G1014) has used malicious DLLs to spread malware to connected removable USB drives on infected machines...
G0007	APT28	[APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007) uses a tool to infect connected USB devices and transmit itself to air-gapped computers when the infect...

Associated Software (20)

ID	Name	Type	Context
S0603	Stuxnet	Malware	[Stuxnet](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0603) can propagate via removable media using an autorun.inf file or the CVE-2010-2568 LNK vulnerability....
S0386	Ursnif	Malware	[Ursnif](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0386) has copied itself to and infected removable drives for propagation.(Citation: TrendMicro Ursnif Mar ...
S0115	Crimson	Malware	[Crimson](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0115) can spread across systems by infecting removable media.(Citation: Kaspersky Transparent Tribe Augus...
S0092	Agent.btz	Malware	[Agent.btz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0092) drops itself onto removable media devices and creates an autorun.inf file with an instruction to ...
S1130	Raspberry Robin	Malware	[Raspberry Robin](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1130) has historically used infected USB media to spread to new victims.(Citation: TrendMicro Ras...
S0608	Conficker	Malware	[Conficker](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0608) variants used the Windows AUTORUN feature to spread through USB propagation.(Citation: SANS Confi...
S0013	PlugX	Malware	[PlugX](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0013) has copied itself to infected removable drives for propagation to other victim devices.(Citation: DOJ...
S0062	DustySky	Malware	[DustySky](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0062) searches for removable media and duplicates itself onto it.(Citation: DustySky)
S0452	USBferry	Malware	[USBferry](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0452) can copy its installer to attached USB storage devices.(Citation: TrendMicro Tropic Trooper May 20...
S0130	Unknown Logger	Malware	[Unknown Logger](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0130) is capable of spreading to USB devices.(Citation: Forcepoint Monsoon)
S0136	USBStealer	Malware	[USBStealer](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0136) drops itself onto removable media and relies on Autorun to execute the malicious file when a use...
S0028	SHIPSHAPE	Malware	[APT30](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0013) may have used the [SHIPSHAPE](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0028) malware to move onto air-gapped ...
S0458	Ramsay	Malware	[Ramsay](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0458) can spread itself by infecting other portable executable files on removable drives.(Citation: Eset R...
S0023	CHOPSTICK	Malware	Part of [APT28](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0007)'s operation involved using [CHOPSTICK](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0023) modules to copy...
S0385	njRAT	Malware	[njRAT](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0385) can be configured to spread via removable drives.(Citation: Fidelis njRAT June 2013)(Citation: Trend ...
S1230	HIUPAN	Malware	[HIUPAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1230) has periodically checked for removable and hot-plugged drives connected to the infected machine, sho...
S1074	ANDROMEDA	Malware	[ANDROMEDA](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1074) has been spread via infected USB keys.(Citation: Mandiant Suspected Turla Campaign February 2023)
S0650	QakBot	Malware	[QakBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0650) has the ability to use removable drives to spread through compromised networks.(Citation: Trend Micr...
S0132	H1N1	Malware	[H1N1](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0132) has functionality to copy itself to removable media.(Citation: Cisco H1N1 Part 2)
S0143	Flame	Malware	[Flame](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0143) contains modules to infect USB sticks and spread laterally to other Windows systems the stick is plug...

References

• Lucian Constantin. (2014, January 23). Windows malware tries to infect Android devices connected to PCs. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
• Zack Whittaker. (2019, August 12). This hacker’s iPhone charging cable can hijack your computer. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
• Zhaohui Wang & Angelos Stavrou. (n.d.). Exploiting Smart-Phone USB Connectivity For Fun And Profit. Retrieved May 25, 2022.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is T1091 (Replication Through Removable Media)?

T1091 is a MITRE ATT&CK technique named 'Replication Through Removable Media'. It belongs to the Lateral Movement, Initial Access tactic(s). Adversaries may move onto systems, possibly those on disconnected or air-gapped networks, by copying malware to removable media and taking advantage of Autorun features when the media is inserted into...

How can T1091 be detected?

Detection of T1091 (Replication Through Removable Media) typically involves monitoring system logs, network traffic, and endpoint telemetry. Use SIEM rules, EDR solutions, and behavioral analytics to identify suspicious activity associated with this technique.

What mitigations exist for T1091?

There are 3 documented mitigations for T1091. Key mitigations include: Limit Hardware Installation, Behavior Prevention on Endpoint, Disable or Remove Feature or Program.

Which threat groups use T1091?

Known threat groups using T1091 include: Gamaredon Group, FIN7, Mustang Panda, Tropic Trooper, Aoqin Dragon, Darkhotel, LuminousMoth, APT28.